Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) — 2022 Cost Reports

What it is: Annual cost reports filed by Medicare-certified institutional providers (hospitals, SNFs, home-health agencies, etc.), maintained in the Healthcare Cost Report Information System (HCRIS). CMS

Current as of: 2022 fiscal year (and subsequent public-use files). The 2022 data are included in recent CMS releases. CMS

How data are collected: Providers submit detailed financial, utilization, cost, charges, and settlement data to CMS via annual cost reports. CMS compiles them into HCRIS. CMS

Notes / Limitations: The public-use file includes a subset of HCRIS variables; not all original cost-center details may be exposed. Data are “as submitted” — i.e. CMS does not edit or adjust the facility-submitted values. CMS If cost reports are missing, not yet filed, or under review, those institutions may be absent from the dataset (i.e. “no data”).

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Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) — Workforce Data and Reports

What it is: AAMC’s collection of physician workforce data, including active physicians (by specialty, region, demographics), residents, and projections. Includes interactive dashboards and periodic reports. AAMC

Current as of: Latest dashboard and reports (dashboard launched 2023; includes data through recent years) as maintained by AAMC. AAMC

How data are collected: Data come from multiple sources: the AMA Physician Professional Data (for active physicians), demographic data (e.g. from medical school or self-reporting), training-program data (residency/fellowship) from accreditation and enrollment databases, and population estimates (for per-population calculations) from the U.S. Census Bureau (for some metrics). AAMC

Notes / Limitations: Because specialties with fewer than ~2,500 active physicians are not individually broken out in the dashboard, small-specialty or rare-specialty data may be aggregated or suppressed. AAMC For projections, assumptions about future supply and demand may affect estimates. AAMC

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Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) — 2022-2023 Statistics on Graduate Medical Education Programs & Resident Physicians

What it is: Annual (or periodic) statistical release summarizing the number of accredited GME programs and resident physicians in the U.S. for 2022–2023. (As referenced in “ACGME Releases 2022-2023 Statistics …”).

Current as of: 2022–2023 academic/residency year, per ACGME’s recent release.

How data are collected: The ACGME gathers data directly from accredited training programs regarding enrollments, specialties, and number of residents/fellows.

Notes / Limitations: Not all physicians in training may be captured if programs are unaccredited or outside ACGME oversight (e.g., non-ACGME fellowships). Also, data reflect counts at a point in time (snapshot), which may undercount trainees who join or leave mid-year.

Note: Data is not publicly verified.

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American Medical Association (AMA) — Physician Workforce Report / AMA Physician Professional Data

What it is: The AMA maintains comprehensive physician registry and workforce data (historically known as the “AMA Physician Masterfile”), covering licensed physicians in the U.S., including credentials, licensure, specialty, and practice status. AMA

Current as of: Annual updates; the data used in AAMC’s workforce dashboard draws from the AMA dataset. AAMC

How data are collected: The AMA collects data from medical schools, accreditation bodies, self-reports, and licensure renewal processes to maintain a master list of physicians and track their status over time. AMA

Notes / Limitations: Because the AMA Physician Professional Data includes both AMA members and non-members, it aims to cover nearly all U.S. physicians, but there may be lags in updates for newly‐licensed or retired physicians. Also, some aggregated analyses exclude non–direct-patient-care physicians depending on the study. AAMC

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U.S. Census Bureau — Census Data / Population Estimates

What it is: Population and demographic data for the U.S. (and states/territories), used as denominators when calculating per-population rates (e.g., physicians per 100,000 people).

Current as of: Varies depending on the Census product (decennial census, annual population estimates, etc.).

How data are collected: Through national census enumeration and ongoing population estimates; the Census Bureau uses survey methods, administrative records, and demographic modeling to update population numbers.

Notes / Limitations: For sub-state analyses or very recent years, there may be delays or estimation uncertainty. If using older Census data, population shifts may not be captured, which affects per-capita calculations.

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National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) — National Nursing Database

What it is: A national licensure-statistics database covering registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses/licensed vocational nurses (LPN/VNs), and advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs), with data aggregated by state and U.S. territories. NCSBN

Current as of: Ongoing database, updated periodically by NCSBN. The licensure statistics page is publicly accessible. NCSBN

How data are collected: Through licensure and renewal records from state nursing boards, aggregated into NCSBN’s national database. NCSBN

Notes / Limitations: The dataset reflects licensure status — not necessarily active practice. Nurses who are licensed but not actively working may be counted. Also, some aggregate breakdowns (e.g., by specialty, setting, full-time vs part-time) may not be available in public tables.

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Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) / “Redi-Data” — Total Number of Nurse Practitioners (NPs)

What it is: A state-indicator dataset released by KFF, providing counts of professionally active NPs (licensed nurse practitioners) by state, based on data from a “Redi-Data” source. KFF

Current as of: Latest publicly available release on the KFF State Health Facts site. KFF

How data are collected: KFF compiles state-level licensure and licensing-database information (from “Redi-Data”) to estimate active nurse practitioner counts by state. KFF

Notes / Limitations: “Active” NPs are those with current licenses; this may not reflect actual clinical activity (e.g., some may not be practicing). Also, the data are aggregated at the state level and lack more granular breakdowns (specialty, full/part-time status, patient load).

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Association of Medical Medicaid Managers (AMMC) — Medicaid GME Payments: 2022 50-State Survey

What it is: A survey reporting Medicaid Graduate Medical Education (GME) payments across all 50 states for 2022. (As you referred to “AMMC Medicaid GME Payments / Medicaid Graduate Medical Education Payments: Results from the 2022 50-State Survey.”)

Current as of: 2022 (survey year).

How data are collected: Via a state-by-state survey of Medicaid programs to report amounts paid for GME under Medicaid.

Notes / Limitations: As with any survey, response variability may exist; differences in state reporting and definitions (e.g., what counts as “GME payment”) may affect comparability. If a state did not respond or data were incomplete, that state may be excluded or flagged.